The Value Of Positive Guidance - 1124 Words

II. Introduction Purpose: The purpose of my personal philosophy is to show the value of positive guidance. I want to demonstrate that children are capable of learning new skills that will help them in their development. The importance of positive guidance is to prepare children for adulthood. Through various activities and instruction children will learn ethical principals. Organization: I will start my essay by explaining the importance of positive child guidance. Then I will discuss about how children best in the environment and doing activities. I will discuss about the motives in children’s behavior. Then, I will explain the type of skills children need to learn for primary grades and later in life. I will discuss how adults need†¦show more content†¦Children are able to learn these principals through modeling, hands-on experiences, being scaffold by a teacher, through observation, role-playing, and through individuality. Activities that will teach children these principals are by doing a puppet play, storytelling with a picture book, singing a number song, collect rocks to create a mosaic painting, and do gardening to teach children about nature. Assumptions About the Motives for Young Children’s Behaviors: Children behave the way they do because they want social reinforces such as acceptance, compliments, a pad on the back, rewards, encouragement, and praise. Children also behave the way they do because they will have time for free play, and get privileges by behaving well. When children notice positive reinforcements, the child will continue to display positive behavior and will be able to learn new behaviors. Additionally, children who tend to cause chaos in a classroom want attention from peers, or teachers. In this case, children should be taught positive behavior. Assumptions About What Children Need to Learn to Succeed Later in Life: Children who enter primary grades should learn to be ethical in order to respect peers, learn to make the right decisions, be independent, and be caring with peers. They also

Film Analysis Of Good Will Hunting - 1528 Words

â€Å"GOOD WILL HUNTING† MOVIE (1997) Will Hunting, a 20-year-old janitor at a college, is a mathematics genius who underage drinks with his friends. In the college where he is the janitor, a professor has written an impossible equation that Will goes and resolves. No one really knows who did it and when the professor finds out who resolved it, Will Hunting runs into more trouble, as he engages in a fight along with his friends and ends up punching a cop, this lands him in court room in front of a judge yet again. The professor helps him not to go to jail, but in return Will Hunting must go to therapy and get a good job, Will accepts but does not take anything serious and the psychologists end up quitting on him. He engages romantically with a†¦show more content†¦This is our knowledge, and what we have retained in our brain. In the movie, Will Hunting shows us the meaning of the word, he is able to comprehend math like no one out there, and one might say that â€Å" it just clicks†. Cognitive also refers to the way we see pictures in our head when we read a word or hear a sound. (Winter, Max, Salem 2015). When we are reading a book, and along the lines we are imagining what the book is describing, this brings up experiences, thoughts and knowledge when we have seen what it is describing. For Will, love and comprehension from others brings pain, because the people that should have taken care of him, left him, so that was pain for him and that was just his subconscious. A good example of cognition might be when we have kids, we know that while changing their diaper we also must watch them and make sure they don’t roll over, however a person should not text and drive because we are not mentally prepared to combine these two tasks. The Cognitive process, are the processes that result in learning: attention which has three different stages. Sensory register, means we retain what we have just heard for about a second or two; an example o f this is when we are listening to someone talk but not really paying attention, this is where a famous question comes into play â€Å"what did I just say?† and most of us would not know the answer. The next part is short-term memory; Dory might come to mind in this situation, because we can hold informationShow MoreRelatedGood Will Hunting Film Analysis808 Words   |  4 PagesVu Nguyen English Composition I Mr. Dylan Travis RELATIONSHIPS IN GOOD WILL HUNTING Good Will Hunting is an interesting story of a young genius orphan growing in a slums of South Boston with a group of best friends, written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck and directed by Gus Van Sant. In this film, Will Hunting is the main character played by its father Matt Damon who is trying to himself identify his value in the world. He is not a normal teenager, he has a special ability that called the â€Å"photographicRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Film Good Will Hunting766 Words   |  4 PagesGood Will Hunting The movie Good Will Hunting shows a dramatic relationship between a teacher and student and also relationships between fellow teachers. The film helps you grow with the characters in order to anticipate and acknowledge the ways in which they interact with one another. It also incorporated the way that egos develop and arise due to relationships and how they can interact with the daily lives of people. Read MoreAnalysis of the Film Good Will Hunting Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesGood Will Hunting is the graceful tale of a young gentleman’s struggle to find out where he belongs in the world, by first finding out who he himself is. In this film, Matt Damon takes on the role of a disturbed genius that has a keen understanding of the deepness of human character. The film is a voyage through the mind of Will Hunting as he is required to undergo psychotherapy as an alternative to serving jail time. With the as sistance of a psychologist, played by Robin Williams, Will learns aboutRead MoreAnalysis of the Film Good Will Hunting Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesSet in South Boston, Good Will Hunting is about Will Hunting (Matt Damon), a young man who immerses himself in books, drinking and friends to escape his anger and frustration stemming largely from his past experiences with abusive foster families. Will and his best friend, Chuckie Sullivan (Ben Affleck), hang out together with their small group of friends in impoverished areas of Boston, drinking and occasionally fighting down in Southie. Will works menial jobs, hiding his incredible genius (suchRead MoreGood Will Hunting And Sean Mcguire Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Disclosure: Finding the Good in Will Hunting’s Self-Concept The focus of this study will revolve around the relationship between Will Hunting and Sean McGuire, characters in the critically acclaimed film Good Will Hunting (See Appendix for a summary). In researching the film and different perspectives of interpersonal communication there could be many arguments made to social classification, how one associates and assumes roles within their particular group such as language, perception,Read MoreMovie Analysis : No Country For Old Men938 Words   |  4 Pages2007 Coen Brothers’ film, No Country for Old Men. I will prove that said scene establishes new aspects against the traditional westerns known internationally by incorporating Rick Altman’s analysis of semantic and syntactic themes in film genre in order to demonstrate the relationship between categorizing the film as a Western and finding the more structural meaning from the actions of the characters throughout the scene. My argument is also reinforced by Camilla Fojasâ₠¬â„¢s analysis of the Western genreRead MoreThe Movie Les Miserables ( 2012, United Kingdom )1110 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on the movie Les Misà ©rables (2012, United Kingdom). The film is an epic romantic musical directed by Tom Hooper. As a film, Les Misà ©rables is based on a musical by Claude-Michel Schonberg and Alain Boublil that goes by the same name (Les Misà ©rables) and is also based upon Victor Hugo’s French novel - Les Misà ©rables, 1862 (Shoard n.p). This analysis looks at various elements of the movie ranging from the themes used in the film, its genre, artistic movement, the director’s style and the film’sRead MoreAttachment And Its Effects On Children And Their Primary Caregiver2636 Words   |  11 Pagesfigures in their early life, (P. Jon, I.Berg). Discussion: Practice context, setting and how that affected clinical practice. Will Hunting was a patient who has been ordered into services by the court and apparently is distinguished from those informally pressured into services by a school, parents or spouse. In reference to definition Will Hunting has not chosen to see his therapists. He viewed these sessions as unwanted and intrusive and the solutions recommended by the therapists asRead MoreA People Not Of The Modern World : A Look At The Andaman Culture1232 Words   |  5 Pagescivilization exists.On the remote islands in the Bay of Bengal live mysterious tribes. The five-foot high black skinned Andaman islanders are rumoured by sailors to be cannibals. Their origins are mysterious, but this film, â€Å"First Out of Africa† directed by Peter Getzels, reveals how modern DNA analysis suggests that these ancient people have close links to being the explanation of the evolution of modern man and Africa, from where they have been separated for 100,000 years. In this documentary I am expectingRead M oreGood Will Hunting Psychology1961 Words   |  8 Pages   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hunting† Psychology : An Extensive Analysis On The Film Good Will Hunting By: Dennis Mayuga INTRO::::: Erik Erikson proposed that throughout a normal human beings’ lifetime he/she will go through multiple development phases otherwise know as predetermined orders. He believes that if the order is followed and the things that are necessary to be experienced or get done are completed it will result in positive or negative results for said person. Being

Financial Statements Of Insurance Companies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Statements Of Insurance Companies? Answer: Introduction In the given case study, JAE Limited is the company for which Wizard Finance, a company that provides corporate credit card service enables the credit card for business use purposes at the managerial level or above. This has been of tremendous help to the employees whenever they have had to make some overseas trip or book international business class flights or extended hotel stays for overseas assignment. (Aitchison, 2016) Though this was for business use only, but many executives of JAE limited have also utilized it for personal purposes as well and have later on sent a cheque in the name of Wizard finance to the accounts payable department to make out for the personal expenses incurred. All this did not go smoothly and the loophole of non segregation of duties has enabled the accounts payable clerk, Steve Ray, to commit a big fraud with the company amounting to over $ 1 million. This has not only questioned the integrity of the working staff at JAE limited but on the company as well in terms of the internal financial control being implemented and practices within the company. (Capaldi, et al., 2017)Therefore, the policies and procedures which are currently built in place needs to be reviwed in order to find out the deficiencies and build a strong control around them. In the light of the background information given about the company and the accounts payable function in the company, there has been many factors which have led to the non identification of the deficiencies and te fraud which was being prevelant in the organization. There was only a single person responsible for collecting all the cheques which were to be paid to Wizard Finance, the entire control of the account was in his hands which no reviewer and checker besides him or above him to scrutinise and check the viability of his work. (Buchanan, et al., 2017) He was the sole owner of the accounts payable department and the bank reconciliation is not in place which could have shown that the outstanding for the banks were such huge amounts and were not being paidn in time to Wizard Finance even after being followed up by the vendor and receiving the cheques from the vendors. Since the card was given only for the business use, therefore when the clerk was aware that the crad was being used for personal purposes, this should have been brought to the notice of the management even though the same was being reimbursed by the employees in the form of the cheques. This warranted for a summarized dashboard which would show the top 80% of the employees who use it for the personal purposes alongwith the quantum of use. The period and the percentage split between business and personal use could also have been shown such that the companys management would have been aware of the inconsistencies and the risk and could have avoided the same roping in a new policy for the employees. The other factor which worked in the favour of Steve was that no rotation of the role was there and he was fixed into the same role for a longer period of time which enabled him to understand the loopholes of the process and utilise the same to his own benefit. In the organization where cont inuous internal rotation is being carried out, the employees just cannot take benefir like this as it would be caught immediately. (Flix, 2017) Some other factors which helped in non detection of this fraud was the absence of the internal audit system which if it would have been in place would have identified the fraud when it came to know of the cheques from the employees not being deposited in the companys bank account but being transferred to his own. Further more, there should have been a reviewof the creditors and the accounts payable on a monthly basis which was not in place. Accounts payable being a very important function and affecting the factors like the working capital requirement of the company and the number of days which the creditors give for payment of the outstanding dues, this needs to checked for the outstanding balances through a summarized table which would show the ageing of the creditors along with the amount due. The nature of the reasons due to which this hasnt been paid for a long time should also have been a part of such a summary. Most of the companies have an internal control to analyse the credi tors which have been over due for a period more than 90 days but in this case, the company failed to have the minimum control in place which would have guaranteed that the fraud being done by the clerk is getting caught in the eyes of the management. Besides all the other factors, the most important and critical deficiency was the non division of labour among the company structure and giving all the responsibility with respect to the creditors in the single hand who could have done window dressing and reported misstatements in the financials even. (Heminway, 2017)Besides having all the controls in place, the company should have had a control that the confirmation message should go to the employees once their outstandings are cleared so that they would also be able to confirm back. All in all, the mistakes of the management is setting up a strong internal control and no analytical review being done at the end of the period has resuled in such a being fraud in the company being uniden tified for a long time. There were many reasons and weaknesses in the current payables functions which persisted in the company which resulted in the faud being taking place in company. The following is the brief list and the recommendations for addressing the same so that it is not repeated in the future. Weakness Recommendation for addressing the weakness The account of Wizard finance, being one of the chief and big creditor, not being reviewed by the management. In banking system , we see that the major accounts, payments and collection above a certain limit is being checked everyday or atleast aan exception report is being given to the management considering some figure as the cut off mark which enables the management to monitor the account more closely and find out any ineeficiencies or problems, if any. (Anon., 2016) Moreover, from the management review perspective, Wizard finance being one of the major creditors should have been reviewed on a weekly basis such that the ageing of the outstanding would have been known alonhwith the quantum. This would have helped the company to know when the amount was due and whether there was any major outstanding or fussy in the account. Basis this, the monthly statement sent by Wizards finance could have scrutized for top 10 or 20 expenditures. Allowing business executives and senior managers and others to use for personal use as wel besides the business use. The introduction of credit card by Wizards finance was to assist the business executives and managers from unnecessary hussle and bustle in case of urgencies, the business meeting overseas, the stay over there at the hotel and several other official benefits but the staff started to use it for the personal use as well, which was not the idea. This should have been reported to the management and then the management should have taken the call accordingly that whether such an action should be allowed or not. In case, the management would have agreed to it, they should have been shown the split between the business and non business expenses. It could also have been that the employees could have been charged interest on the personal expenses as the company is anyways incurring so when it is making the payment the Wizards Finance. No maker checker and reviewer concept being followed in the company i.e., the work done by a person needs to be reviewed by another person in the system. In most the listed companies, where there is requirement of the SOX complaiance and the internal financial control being followed in the company, we see that there is concept of maker, checker and reviewer being followed such that the work done by one person, is being reviewed by another and checked by one another person before posting it into the final system and the financials. In this company JAE Limited, the same should be implemented to have a strong control on each of the processes and such that all that goes into the final system and reporting is viewed through multiple eyes. In this way, any fraud and error can be found in the initial stages only. Segregation of duties was not there as everything was being controlled and managed by a single person. The major discrepancy which was found in the system was the non segregation of the duties among different people. In case the receipt of the cheques from the employees of the company, reconciling it with the amount outstanding against every employee towards the personal expenses, entering the transaction in the system, making the payment to the Wizards Finance team through cheque, making the bank reconciliation would have been done by different peopld, there would have been no scope of making any kind of fraud or non recording the transaction. The benefit of segregation of duty is that the transaction do gets caught at some stage of checking as it is a water fall approach and no transaction can escape from being recorded. (Qi, et al., 2017) No internal audit function in place in the company which is a mandatory requirement considering the size of the company and the revised requirements by the International Accounting and Auditing Standards. In case of the listed companies, there is a requirement of the internal control function to be implemented so that entire finance process and procedures, other SOX functions, internal control viability etc. can be checked by the internal auditors and any discrepancies or shortcomings, if any needs to be brought to the notice of the management. This function in the company acts as an early warning signal which helps in spotting the erros and frauds, if any being carried in the company and internal audit is related to in-depth scrutiny of the books of accounts and GL scrunity on a detailed basis. Conclusion On the basis of the above observations and understandings, it is clear that the company was the victim of fraud committed by one of its clerks, Steve because of the weak internal control being practices in the company. Further more, there was non awareness within the management that the employees of the company have been using the card for diverse purpose other than the business use. Several weaknesses and the recommendations thereunder have been proposed to make the company SOX compliant an such that the company doesnt suffers iun future on account of such a blunder. Besides all this, audit being one of the major functions in any company these days, should be implemented and should be carried out with all the analystical and substantive procedures available so that any discrepancy can be noted before hand only. (Li, et al., 2017) Besides all this, external confirmation from creditors which is one of the major techniques being followed in company to check the balances outstanding sho uld be employed by the company to avoid all the above issues. All in all, it can be said that JAE limited is lack of proper accounting information system in place and thus once this is fulfilled or placed in the system, the accounting can be ensured to be free from such huge frauds. References Aitchison, S., 2016. When is a done deal not done?: a legally enforceable contract. [Online] Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/291480/Contract+Law/When+is+a+done+deal+not+done+a+legally+enforceable+contract [Accessed 8th August 2016]. Anon., 2016. When is a Heads of Agreement legally enforceable?. [Online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/heads-agreement-legally-enforceable/ [Accessed 8th August 2016]. Buchanan, B., Cao, C., Liljeblom, E. Weihrich, S., 2017. Taxation and Dividend Policy: The Muting Effect of Agency Issues and Shareholder Conflicts. Journal of Corporate Finance, Volume 42, pp. 179-197. Capaldi, N., Idowu, S. Schmidpeter, R., 2017. Dimensional Corporate Governance. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics Governance, pp. 175-187. Flix, M., 2017. A study on the expected impact of IFRS 17 on the transparency of financial statements of insurance companies. MASTER THESIS, pp. 1-69. Heminway, J., 2017. Shareholder Wealth Maximization as a Function of Statutes, Decisional Law, and Organic Documents. SSRN, pp. 1-35. Li, S., Sougiannis, T. Wang, I., 2017. Mandatory IFRS Adoption and the Usefulness of Accounting Information in Predicting Future Earnings and Cash Flows. SSRN , pp. 1-47. Qi, Y., Roth, L. Wald, J., 2017. Creditor protection laws, debt financing, and corporate investment over the business cycle. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(4), pp. 477-497

Job Satisfaction

Although commonly confused with motivation, job satisfaction describes how happy employees are with their job. There are many factors that contribute, either directly or indirectly, to job satisfaction. For purposes of data analysis in this study, I have chosen employee position and extrinsic factors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on data available in this study, position held by an employee is described as hourly employee or salaried employee in which case only the former is eligible for overtime work. This aspect is likely to affect the level of job satisfaction since it places restrictions to employees based on their position ascription. Besides extrinsic factors such as working environment, team members, leadership style at workplace and office location are likely to contribute directly to job satisfaction. I believe these two variables are the most a ppropriate in this study. Findings from data examination Position Position as represented in this data is a qualitative. Such a data set can only be analyzed using mode to describe the frequency of the distribution (Bartz, 1971). Mean and median are not applicable in this case since this is a coded data set referring to only two situations. For this reason, computation of mean and median will be misleading. Measures of variability are equally not applicable in this case since they are computed from mean, a measure which has already been disputed. This data set has a mode of 1; meaning that majority of employees interviewed in this study are hourly employees. This shows that most employees are comfortable working as hourly employees with the guarantee of paid overtime as opposed to being salaried employees. Figure 1.1 clearly illustrates these findings. Figure 1.1: Job Satisfaction by Position Source: ResearcherAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Extrinsic Job Satisfaction Extrinsic job satisfaction arises from factors external to the job itself. Extrinsic job satisfaction as represented in this data is a quantitative, hence can be analyzed both by measures of central tendency as well as variability (Bartz, 1971). Sample mean computed from this data set is 5.421875. This reflects a high level of job satisfaction arising from extrinsic factors. On a scale of 1-7, the majority of those interviewed recorded their satisfaction level above the average figure thus resulting into a high mean score. This can also be explained from the median and mode point of view. This data set has a median and mode of 5.6. Median is the central figure that separates the two halves, i.e the lowest-value side and the highest-value side, in a frequency distribution (Bartz, 1971). A median of 5.6 represents a positively skewed data since it is higher than the mean. The mode which describes frequency distribution also falls at 5.6, clearly indicating that the majority of those interviewed recorded their level of satisfaction at 5.6 slightly higher than the mean score hence a positively skewed data. Figure 2.1 depicts a visual illustration of this information. Figure 2.1: Job satisfaction by Extrinsic factors Source: Researcher.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Job Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from the central measures of tendency, measures of variance can also provide an insight into this data. Both the standard deviation and variance are measures of trend characterizing the dispersion among various measures in a population. They show how tightly all the values are clustered around the mean in a data set ((Bartz, 1971). They express the inconsistency of the population by showing how far away from the mean the data points tend to be (Bartz, 1971). A small value, of both, reflects a distribution in which most data points tend to be close to the mean as evidenced in this data set. This data set has a variance of 0.232732 and a standard deviation of 0.482423. In addition, standard deviation is a measure of confidence levels in empirical conclusions. An acceptable empirical error margin is at two standards deviations from the mean resulting into 95% confidence level. This data set is normally distributed since 68% of the values are within one standard deviation from the mean ranging between 4.9 and 5.9 and 95% of the readings fall within two standard deviations ranging between 4.5 and 6.4. This information is visually portrayed in figure 2.1. If the bars were to be joined by a line, then a bell shaped diagram would result. The significance of charts/graphs in conveying information Charts and graphs help readers to have a better understanding of the meaning of data. They convey information in a manner that can be easily understood (Bartz, 1971). Be sides, through the use of graphs and charts, differences between separate pieces of data can be clearly illustrated in a clear method. Lessons learnt from the results The importance of descriptive statistics as a first step in data analysis comes out clearly in this study. Although the results reveal very little concerning the subject of study, much is learnt about the frequency distribution and the nature of population dispersion thus forms a benchmark against which other detailed data analysis can be done. The results from this study can lead to the conclusion that both position and extrinsic factors play a key role in influencing employees’ job satisfaction. Reference Bartz, A. E. (1971). Basic descriptive statistics for education and the behavioral sciences (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Burgess.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on Job Satisfaction was written and submitted by user Jaydon Russell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Common Grammatical Errors Between You and Me

Common Grammatical Errors Between You and Me Let’s start with a pop quiz: Is there a grammar mistake in the title of my blog? If you answered â€Å"Yes† and believe that â€Å"Between You and I† would be correct, you have a lot of company. However, â€Å"Between You and Me† is actually the correct structure. Why do so many of us say â€Å"Between you and I†? My guess is that at some point, maybe around age 8, you may have said to your mother something like, â€Å"Jimmy and me are going to the store.† She corrected you: â€Å"It’s ‘Jimmy and I’† and something clicked in your head, and you thought that if you’re talking about yourself and another person, you should always say â€Å"I† instead of â€Å"me.† I’m here to set the record straight. There are pronouns that belong as the subject of a sentence. They are: I, you, she, he, we, you, they, it. Then there are pronouns that belong as the object of a sentence. They are: me, you, her, him, us, you, them, it. The first thing you need to know is not to mix these two groups together! â€Å"Him and I† for instance takes one pronoun from the object group and one from the subject group. Mixing and matching is always incorrect no matter where in the sentence the pronouns fall. â€Å"Between you and me† is a little trickier because our language uses â€Å"you† as both subject and object. Which group are we in here? Think about it: Would you say â€Å"Between us† or â€Å"Between we†? Of course you would say Between us. Now you know you’re in the object group which includes both â€Å"us† and (would you believe it?) â€Å"me.† A nice easy way to determine what pronouns to use, when you want to include two subjects or objects, is to try out the sentence with just one of the subjects or objects and see how it sounds. For example: â€Å"I [not me] went to the store.† â€Å"He [not him] went to the store. Therefore, â€Å"He and I went to the store.† Notice â€Å"he† and â€Å"I† are in the group with â€Å"we.† â€Å"We went to the store† is of course also correct. Another example: â€Å"Dave went to the store with him [not he].† â€Å"Dave went to the store with me [not I].† Therefore, â€Å"Dave went to the store with him and me† is correct. I realize for some of you that last sentence might sound completely wrong and ungrammatical. Between you and me, I think it’s time to change that perception. There’s a little quiz you can take at UsingEnglish.com: Quiz: Subject and Object Pronouns.   For more on this topic, see the article The English Personal Pronoun System. 🙂 Log in to Reply

Max Born and the Discovery of the Born Rule

Max Born and the Discovery of the Born Rule Max Born (December 11, 1882–January 5, 1970) was a German physicist who played an important role in the development of quantum mechanics. He is known for the â€Å"Born rule,† which provided a statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics and enabled researchers in the field to predict results with specific probabilities. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics. Fast Facts: Max Born Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: Discovery of the Born rule, a statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.Born: December 11, 1882 in Breslau, PolandDied: January 5, 1970 in Gà ¶ttingen, GermanySpouse: Hedwig EhrenbergChildren: Irene, Margarethe, GustavFun Fact: The singer and actress Olivia Newton-John, who starred in the 1978 musical film Grease with John Travolta, is the granddaughter of Max Born. Early Life Max Born was born on December 11, 1882 in Breslau (now Wroclaw) Poland. His parents were Gustav Born, an embryologist at the University of Breslau, and Margarete (Gretchen) Kaufmann, whose family worked in textiles. Born had a younger sister named Kthe. At a young age, Born attended school at the Kà ¶nig Wilhelms Gymnasium in Breslau, studying Latin, Greek, German, history, languages, math, and physics. There, Born may have been inspired by his math teacher, Dr. Maschke, who showed the students how wireless telegraphy worked. Born’s parents died at an early age: his mother when Born was 4, and his father shortly before Born finished school at the Gymnasium. College and Early Career Afterwards, Born took courses on a variety of science, philosophy, logic, and math subjects at Breslau University from 1901–1902, following his father’s advice to not specialize in a subject too soon at college. He also attended the Universities of Heidelberg, Zà ¼rich, and Gà ¶ttingen. Peers at Breslau University had told Born about three mathematics professors at Gà ¶ttingen – Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and Hermann Minkowski. Born went out of favor with Klein due to his irregular attendance at classes, though he subsequently impressed Klein by solving a problem on elastic stability at a seminar without reading the literature. Klein then invited Born to enter a university prize competition with the same problem in mind. Born, however, did not initially take part, offending Klein again. Born changed his mind and later entered, winning the University of Breslau’s Philosophy Faculty Prize for his work on elasticity and obtaining a PhD in mathematics on the subject in 1906 under his doctoral advisor Carl Runge. Born subsequently went to Cambridge University for about six months, attending lectures by J. J. Thomson and Joseph Larmor. He went back to Gà ¶ttingen to collaborate with the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who died after a few weeks due to an operation for appendicitis. In 1915, Born was offered a professor position at the University of Berlin. However, the opportunity coincided with the beginning of World War I. Born joined the German air force and worked on sound ranging. In 1919, after World War I, Born became a professor at the University of Frankfurt-am-Main. Discoveries in Quantum Mechanics In 1921, Born returned to the University of Gà ¶ttingen as a professor, a post he held for 12 years. At Gà ¶ttingen, Born worked on the thermodynamics of crystals, then became primarily interested in quantum mechanics. He collaborated with Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, and a number of other physicists who would also make groundbreaking advances in quantum mechanics. These contributions would help lay out the foundation of quantum mechanics, particularly its mathematical treatment. Born saw that some of Heisenberg’s calculus was equivalent to matrix algebra, a formalism that is used extensively in quantum mechanics today. Furthermore, Born considered the interpretation of Schrà ¶dinger’s wavefunction, an important equation for quantum mechanics, which had been discovered in 1926. Though Schrà ¶dinger had provided a way to describe how the wavefunction describing a system changed over time, it was unclear exactly what the wavefunction corresponded to. Born concluded that the square of the wavefunction could be interpreted as a probability distribution that would predict the result given by a quantum mechanical system when it was measured. Though Born first applied this discovery, now known as the Born rule, to help explain how waves scattered, it was later applied to many other phenomena. Born was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on the Born rule. In 1933, Born was forced to emigrate due to the rise of the Nazi party, which caused his professorship to be suspended. He became a lecturer at Cambridge University, where he worked with Infeld on electrodynamics. From 1935–1936, he stayed in Bangalore, India at the Indian Institute of Science and worked with Sir C.V. Raman, a researcher who won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1936, Born became a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, staying there for 17 years until his retirement in 1953. Awards and Honors Born won a number of awards during his lifetime, including: 1939 – Fellowship of the Royal Society1945 – Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize, from the Royal Society of Edinburgh1948 – Max Planck Medal, from the German Physical Society1950 – Hughes Medal, from the Royal Society of London1954 – Nobel Prize in Physics1959 – Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit, from the German Federal Republic Born was also made an honorary member of several academies, including the Russian, Indian, and Royal Irish academies. After Born’s death, the German Physical Society and the British Institute of Physics created the Max Born Prize, which is awarded annually. Death and Legacy After retiring, Born settled in Bad Pyrmont, a spa resort near Gà ¶ttingen. He died on January 5, 1970 at a hospital in Gà ¶ttingen. He was 87 years old. Born’s statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics was groundbreaking. Thanks to Born’s discovery, researchers can predict the result of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. Today, the Born rule is considered one of the key principles of quantum mechanics. Sources Kemmer, N., and Schlapp, R. â€Å"Max Born, 1882-1970.†Landsman, N.P. â€Å"The Born Rule and Its Interpretation.†O’Connor, J.J., and Robertson, E.F. â€Å"Max Born.†

Examining the Challenges Faced By Teachers in the Inclusion of Pupils Assignment

Examining the Challenges Faced By Teachers in the Inclusion of Pupils with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the Mainstream C - Assignment Example 3 Causes of Autistic Spectrum Disorders ............................................................................ 4 Inclusion Defined †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Characteristics of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Expectations of teachers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Challenges Teachers face in the inclusion ASD pupils in mainstream classrooms .......... 7 Way forward to eliminate the challenges teachers face †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 12 Conclusion ............................................................. .............................................................. 15 Introduction Behavioural, Emotional and Social Difficulties (BESD) is a term which describes a range of complex and chronic difficulties experienced by many children and young people. Such people demonstrate features of emotional and behavioural difficulties such as being withdrawn or isolated, disruptive and disturbing, hyperactive, failing to make friends and lacking concentration and mature social skills; and presenting challenging behaviours. It may also cover people with anxiety, who self-harm, have school phobia or depression and those whose behaviour or emotional wellbeing are seen to be deteriorating (DFES, 2001). BESD and learning difficulties Children suffering from BESD face many challenges in learning such as struggling to overcome trust issues, hence fail to make relationships with others, ability to cope with school routines and relationships, failure to reason appropriately. As such, their emotional and behavioural difficulties make them fail to fit well in an environment where they can learn like other normal children. Their failure to fit in the learning environment contravenes with the learning theories advanced by different psychologists such as Bandura, Piaget, Pavlov, Thorndike and Skinner. These theories imply that learning can only take place where there is punishment or reward, observation, imitation, social interaction, attachment to others and pre-existing mental cognition (DCSF, 2007, Midgley, 2008, Cooper, 2008 and Bandura, 1999). Causes of BESD There are several causes of BESD, which are from within or outside the child. Inner causes are very much associated with biological traits within an individual child. However, external causes may include single parenthood, poverty, lack of attachment, parental conflicts, erratic discipline and neglect, (Jull, 2008). Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Defined Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a lifelong disability that affect s how a person communicates with, and relates to, other people. It is a form of BESD which also affects how they make sense of the world around them since it affects ability to understand people, interpret events, communicate, and interact with others. This implies that, just like BESD does, ASD also plays a vital role in the learning of individuals. The term ‘Spectrum’ is used, because, autistic children experience a board band of problems which are grouped into having difficulty with social communication, social interaction and social imagination. For example, a child with autistic spectrum disorders is argumentative, disobedient, annoying, blames others for own mistakes, easily annoyed, resentful, vindictive, likes fighting, destructive, truant, a bully, intimidating, tormenting

Day of leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Day of leisure - Essay Example To begin with, leisure is such a word that cannot be defined by a single statement, as there is so much to it than meets the eye. It is thus agreed that the best way to really cover its meaning is to define it as an activity, as time, and as a state of mind. Leisure as time defines leisure as being free from obligations or duties that may be either paid or unpaid or tasks that are essential for our existence. Leisure time in this case is seen as residual time. While there are those who see all the time that they spend away from work is leisure time, the truth is only a small percentage of this time is essentially spent for leisure. Some of the time spared after work can be used to do other activities that are crucial to our survival, say eating or sleeping. As an activity, leisure does not entail life maintenance tasks such as sleeping or general house cleaning. Leisure in this case means the activities that we engage in for relaxation, growth, meditating, competition, engaging in certain sport activity, painting and so on. These tasks are not done for our existence but for fun. As an activity, leisure is solely dependent on an individual. As a state of mind, it relates to the above definition in that leisure is dependent on an individual’s perception of what they are doing and whether they perceive that to be leisure. Concepts that come into play here include perceived freedom or competence, intrinsic motivation, and the positive effect of the activity. Remember it is the above effect that helps the individual knows whether a certain experience was pleasurable to them. To elaborate a little on the above, we would say that in perceived freedom, the individual is free to choose the activity they want to engage in without any obligation to do so. In intrinsic motivation, the individual is not influenced by any external force to engage in a given activity and that such motivation comes from within. Perceived competence refers to an individual

Music vs. Book Essay Example for Free

Music vs. Book Essay Books and music are not a direct comparison normally but when it comes to youngsters and their lives both have a very strong influence. When we are bored, it is the time we listen to music or read a book. These two are the common things we are doing in our leisure time. People should be influenced by music and book. Music can have both a positive as well as negative impact on an individual’s life. The nature and kind of music defines that what type of message they render on the youngster. While books of any type give you either eye opening or well meaning but misguided information on subjects ranging from the simplest subjects to the more sophisticated. Books can even be used by those who are looking for answers in life. Many people report finding the perfect book to answer the burning questions in their minds. Books are more limited: fiction like novels and short stories and non-fiction like memoir, history, biography, self help, and philosophy. Reading books require a larger share of our time. We cannot also do another thing while reading a book. We cannot read a book while washing clothes. Books are more intellectually stimulating and has bigger journey than music. On the contrary, music doesnt answer questions by itself. Music answers feeling or disturbed emotions looking for an outlet. It exists in an extraordinarily wide array of genres and styles like vocal music (song, choral music, and opera), solo instrumental, chamber, orchestral, band and etc. We will listen to the music we love countless times over the course of our lives. We can multitask while listening to music. We can listen to music while running or washing clothes. Music are more passion and emotional than books. Whether you want to listen to music or read a book, they can both give positive and negative influences, affect all kinds of age groups, and cause different views of the world.

Blessing’ by Imtiaz Darker and Presents From Pakistan by Moniza Alva :: English Literature

Blessing’ by Imtiaz Darker and Presents From Pakistan by Moniza Alva. The two poems are similar because they both give a different view about culture and religion. The two poems are about southwest Asian Comparison – ‘Blessing’ vs. ‘Presents From Pakistan’ I am going to compare 2 poems, which are called ‘Blessing’ by Imtiaz Darker and ‘Presents From Pakistan’ by Moniza Alva. The two poems are similar because they both give a different view about culture and religion. The two poems are about southwest Asian countries. The poets are also linked with the countries. I know this because of their names therefore their parents or relative can be from Pakistan or India. The poet’s show how they feel about other countries and hoe it affects them and their culture. Culture can be made up in different ways. Some religions like Islam on allow Muslims to enter Saudi Arabia. This makes up a religious culture. Some people live by their race or ethnicity like in north Europe many people like to live with people from there and people who are the same colour as them. In some countries some people don’t mind, they just live with a normal life style in their own world. In central Africa the majority of people live with a similar culture but t they are differed because of the languages spoken. I am going to explore the elements of the poems, to see how they go along with cultures and how they give us an insight to other culture. First of all the poem blessing is a poem that shows the feeling of someone seeing some villagers suffer because there is no water for them near by. He describes what it is to be like there and how the people feel. He also shows that the water is very precious to them. He says that a few drops of water are like money that can by a chocolate bar. He also says that it’s a gift from god, he explains why it is so pecous because the women have to walk miles to get to a rive or a well and they also have a big heavy pot on their heads. In addition ‘p.f.pk’ has a similar view but it shows how the narrator feels about herself and how her culture is affecting her lifestyle. She receives some of the finest clothes and jewellery from her relatives in Pakistan The narrator describes the gifts she receives from Pakistan as being very beautiful, but she doesn’t feel comfortable wearing them because she’s too modern and English. In the

Coase(1972) †durable and monopoly[2] Essay

R. H. COASE Universityof ChicagoLaw School that A SSUME a supplier owns the total stock of a completely durable good. At what price will he sell it? To take a concrete example, assume that one person owns all the land in the United States and, to simplify the analysis, that all land is of uniform quality. Assume also that the landowner is not able to work the land himself, that ownership of land yields no utility and that there are no costs involved in disposing of the land. If there were a large number of landownersand the price were competitively determined, the price would be that at which the amount demandedwas equal to the amount of land in the United States. If we imagine this fixed supply of land to be various amounts either greater or smaller, and then discover what the competitively determinedprice would be, we can trace out the demand schedule for American land. Assume that this demand schedule is DD and that from this a marginal revenue schedule, MR, has been derived. Both schedules are shown in Figure I. Let the total amount of land in existence be OQ. Then, if the price were competitively determined,the price would be OB (see Figure I). We now have to determine the price which the monopolistic landowner would charge for a unit of land in the assumed conditions. The diagramwould seem to suggest (and has, I believe, suggested to some) that such a monopolistic landownerwould charge the price OA, would sell the quantity of land OM, thus maximising his receipts, and would hold off the market the quantity of land, MQ. But suppose that he did this. MQ land and money equal to OA X OM would be in the possession of the original landowner while OM land would be owned by others. In these circumstances, why should the original landownercontinue to hold MQ off the market? The original landownercould obviously improve his position by selling more land since he could by this means acquire more money. It is true that this would reduce the value of the land OM owned by those who had previously bought land from him-but the loss would fall on them, not on him. If the same assumption about his behaviour was made as before, he would then sell part of MQ. But this is not the end of the story, since some of MQ would still remain unsold. The process would continue as long as the original landowner retained any land, that is, until OQ had been sold. And if there were no costs of disposing of the land, the whole process would take place in the twinkling of an eye. 143 144 THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS Figure D I z mj A † _ o Q : D 0 M Q QUANTITY MR It might be objected to this supposedbehaviourunder which land is sold in separate transactions involving blocks of land, probably of diminishing size, that it would be even better if the landowner sold the land by infinitesimal units, thus maximising his total revenue. But this is neither here nor there. Whatever the intermediatesteps are assumed to be, OQ land will be sold. And given that OQ is going to be sold, the value of a unit of land is going to be OB and given this, no buyer of land will pay more than OB for it. Although the demand schedule may be correctly drawn in that, if the quantity of land is OM, the price would be OA, the landownerwould find himself in the position that, if he were charged more than OB, he would sell nothing. The demand schedule facing the original landowner would be infinitely elastic at the competitive price and this even though he was the sole supplier. With complete durability, the price becomes independent of the number of suppliers and is thus always equal to the competitive price. DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 145 How could the landowner avoid this result? He could do this and obtain the price OA from the sale of OM land by making special contractual arrangements with the purchasersof land by which, as a condition of sale, he agreed to hold unsold in perpetuity the quantity of land MQ. Alternatively, he could agree to buy back any land that was offered to him in the future at a price just under OA, thus making it against his interest to sell more than OM land. Another way in which essentially the same result could be obtained would be for the landowner not to sell the land but to lease it for relatively short periods of time. It would then be comparatively easy for him to assure lessees that no increasein supply will occur during the lease period either by entering into all leases at the same point in time, or by announcing that he would not change the rental price during the lease period or by agreeing to adjust the prices charged to existing lessees if a lower charge is made to others during the lease period. In any case, even if such contractual arrangementscannot be made, lessees have some reason to believe that the landownerwill not, in fact, lease more than OM land by charging lower prices for some of the unutilised land (after having entered into contracts at OA) because it would not be in his self-interest to do so. With this kind of leasing, the total earnings of the landowner depend largely on the rents at which land can be leased in future periods and the yield from these rents will tend to be higher the greater the confidence the lessees have that the amount of land leased during the lease period will not be more than OM. That confidence would obviously be weakened and the rent that could be charged in future reduced, if extra land above OM is leased during the current lease period. It is this which would tend to give lessees confidence that such extra land will not be leased. Of course, the negotiating of such rental contracts for short periods for each piece of land might be extremely costly and indeed might be so costly as to offset the gain in revenue from the limitation in the amount of land utilised. But, if not too costly, leasing would tend to ensure that only OM land was utilised. Another alternative would be for the landowner to give MQ land to someone who is less concernedabout money-makingthan he is. For example, the landowner might donate MQ land to the government to be used â€Å"in the public interest†. Some such contractual or institutional arrangementsas these would enable the landowner to charge the monopoly price. But in the absence of such arrangements,the price charged will be the competitive price. It may be thought that this argument does not apply if the permanently durable good is produced by a monopolist supplier rather than being part of nature. But this is not so. Assume that the demand schedule for this good is DD, representingthe present value of its future services for various quantities of the good. Assume that it is produced by a single firm and that marginal costs are constant. MR representsthe marginal revenue schedule and MC the 146 THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS marginalcost schedule. All schedulesare shown in Figure II. Cost and demand conditions are assumed to remain the same in the future. In effect, this means that if the competitive output, OQ, is produced originally, nothing will be producedin later periods. A similar argument to that used in the case of the landowner will demonstrate that the price that this producer will charge (assuming outright sale) will not be OA, the apparentmonopolyprice, but will be OB, since the demand for his output of this good is infinitely elastic at this price up to the output OQ. Again, it is possible to introduce conditions into the contract for sale which would avoid this. An agreement not to produce any more of the good afterOM has been produced,an offer to buy back the good at any time in the future at a price just under OB, or the use of leasing rather than outright sale, would all have the effect of making it possible to charge OA (just as similararrangementswould enable the monopolist landowner to achieve the monopoly price). Figure 1T A QB CL MC 0 /l M IA ! Q M-r-rvMR ~U-lM 11 I DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 147 Some of these arrangementsmay not be legally enforceableand, in any case, are likely to involve additional costs as against those incurredin outright sale. There is, however, an alternative which was not available to the hypothetical landownerand that is to make the good less durable. This may raise the costs of providing the stream of services affordedby the durable good, may result in charges over the future which have a present value greater than OA and a supply of services less than that affordedby OM of the durable good. Profits will also be less than they would be if this firm could sell OM at price OA. But this is not a real alternative in the absence of the various contractual arrangementsmentioned. If the durable good is produced, the output will be OQ at price OB. If a less durable good is produced, a higher price can be charged because consumers do not have to fear an increase in supply if they buy at the monopoly price. The productionof a less durable good as against a more durable good is very similar to a policy of leasing since, by making the good less durable,the producersells the services providedby the good for short periods of time (because the good wears out) whereas in leasing the same result is achieved by selling the services of a given durable good in short period segments. The reason why making a good less durable enables a producer to charge higher prices than he could if the good were extremely durable is that it makes it in his self-interest not to increase supply since, if he did this, it would tend to lead consumers to believe that he might do this again in the future, a belief which would make it impossible for him to charge the monopoly price (as was explained in the case of land for leasing). Another circumstance reinforces the conclusion that making a good less durable will enable the monopolist producer to charge a higher price. What a consumer has to fear is an increasein supply during the period in which he (or someone to whom he transfers the good) is deriving services from the good. The less durable the good, the shorter is this period. But the shorter the period that the supplierhas in which to increase supply, the greater will be the additional costs of increasing supply. Lessened durability reduces the gain from an increase in supply and thus reduces the likelihood that it will occur. The analysis up to this point has proceededon the assumption that marginal costs were constant for the durable good. It needs modification if marginal costs rise with increases in the rate of output. With constant marginal costs, production would take place in the first period and would then cease. With rising marginalcosts, productionwould extend over a period of time, although, since price would fall as the stock of the durable good increased, the rate of production would decrease as time passed. Since sales occur sequentially, in setting the price in later periods, the producer will not take into account the fall in the value of the existing stock (which is, of course, owned by others). To this extent the behaviourof the producerwill inevitably be com- 148 THE JOURNAL OF LAW AND ECONOMICS petitive in character and the stock (and price) will move towards the competitive level. Because of this, consumers will pay less (and the producer’s profits will be less), than they would if, throughan agreementas to the total quantity that could be produced or an agreement on a re-purchaseprice or through the use of leasing, production were limited to the monopoly output. Reducing the durability of the good is an alternative policy which might be more profitable (as was argued in the case of constant marginal costs). There is an additional element introduced by the fact that production will continue over a period of time. The producerwill have to consider the effect his actions have on the expectations of consumersabout his actions in future periods. He can in general be counted upon to refrain from expanding output when any gain that he might make through disappointingconsumers’expectations (if they thought he would restrict production) would be less than the loss he would suffer in future from not fulfilling them. However, there is no reason why conditions should not be such that it would always pay to disappoint consumers’expectations of a restrictionin output (if they held such expectations) and in such circumstances,output in all periods would be such as to make marginalcost equal to price (if some of the arrangementsmentioned earlierwere not used). This result is particularly likely since, in the assumed conditions of rising marginal costs, prices and production will decline over time. Even in conditions in which the producer would not wish to disappoint consumers’expectations of a restrictionin production, it is by no means easy to say how things would work out in practice since neither the producer nor the consumers would necessarily have clear, or the same, ideas about the future. A full analysis of this situation would be very complicated but could not affect the main contention of this note, that with durability some contractualor institutional arrangementof the type mentioned earlier may be a less costly and perhaps the only way of achieving a monopoly price or that reduceddurability may prove to be a better way out of the difficulty. Oneother qualification should be mentioned. The analysis up to this point has assumed that demand and cost conditions remained unchanged, in effect, that the economy was in a stationary state. The present value of any given amountof the durablegood will always take into account future demands,but if demand remains the same, the present value of its future services (for any givenamount of the durablegood) will remain the same as time passes. However,with increasing demands present values will rise and future production will be greater than has been assumed (with constant marginal costs there willbe some future productionas against none). This enhances the importance ofthe considerationsdiscussed in the previous paragraph,since the future loss fromnot restricting output will tend to be greater. Whether the expected increasein demand would be sufficient to lead the producer to restrict output DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 149 in earlier periods depends on its extent, on the rate of discount, on the nature of the cost schedule, on whether costs are expected to increase in the meantime (and by how much) and on the confidencewith which these views about the future are held. An expected increase in demand may or may not obviate the need for the contractual arrangementsmentioned earlier (or a reduction in durability) if the monopolist producer of a durable good is to secure the monopoly price. The business practices which I have suggested as devices which a monopolist supplier might use to cope with the problem of durability may, of course, be adopted for reasons which have nothing to do with my argument. A land developer, in selling land on which houses are to be built, may agree to hold neighbouringland off the market to improve the amenities; the supplier of a durable good may agree to buy it back at some specified price in the future because consumers are willing to pay for this reduction in risk; leasing is often a less costly way for the consumer to obtain the services of a durable good; a reduction in durability may enable a supplier to provide a given stream of services at lower cost. Even when these practices are adopted to avoid the consequencesof durability on demand, they are not necessarily undesirable-an agreementnot to produce more than a certain quantity may be a necessary condition in the competitive supply of a durable good for which marginalcost is less than average cost. Nevertheless, these business practices, including reduced durability, may be essential elements in securing a monopolistic price. However, these practices have their costs and they may not, in fact, always be feasible. Furthermore,some of the contractual arrangements will not be enforceable over a long period. In such circumstances, the competitive outcome may be achieved even if there is but a single supplier.

5 Forces Dynamic Analysis Essay

Question 1. –(refer to appendices on p.5) Political 1) From 1991-1998 No longer anti-alcohol campaign to boost ice-cream industry. Ice cream industry had to complete with substitute products. 2) Since 1998 Financial Crisis, Russian rubles devalued by two-thirds. Russians cannot afford foreign products and companies relied more on national suppliers. 3) 1999 VAT raise. Fruit-based ice-creams and popsicles raised to 20% VAT. Consumer buy less ice-cream because of elastic demand, revenue is less. Economical 1) Privatized companies must overcome bad infrastructure, to create value in Primary and Support activities, and to extend the maximum market share. 2) In ice-cream industry, Ice-Fili’s competitor, Nestlà ©, built Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s own infrastructure during the 1990’s and Russian faced an enormous challenge. Society/ Culture 1) Lakomka. Older customers love â€Å"Lakomka†, 5 competitors compete Lakomka. However, in a long term, Lakomka needs to sustain its life if old generation dies. 2) Russian likes Condensed Milk (less sweet) ice-cream generally. But Nestlà © may change consumers’ behavior. 3) Consumers took ice-cream during short summer but took beer throughout year. Technological 1) Newly imported equipment. Ice-cream industries invested newly imported equipment to enhance infrastructure. 2) 90% of new equipment used for freezing and packaging in Russian market, but only $1.5 to $2m per complete production line. Not really improving. Substitutes (High Threat) Soft drinks, beers, chocolate, confectionaries were rising but ice-cream declined by 3.5% in 2002. Rivalry (High Threat) Nestlà © established great infrastructure and wanted to be only brand in Russia in 2-3 years’ time! Entrants (High Threat) Regional producers took 30% of domestic market and still growing. Supplier (High Threat) Imported ingredients were more expensive; National suppliers had more supplier power, price of ingredient were more expensive Buyer (High Threat) 1) Customers had 240 different ice-cream products! Yet to count substitute goods. 2) Retailer cost 17.2% & distributors cost 30%, 47% of industries expenses!! From the PESTLE and Porter Five Forces shown above, Russian ice cream industry was struggling to evolve. Question 2 Resources– (refer to appendices on p.6) 1) Tangible resources In Physical point of view, Russian ice-cream market contains different plants and fruits. This is also mention under point â€Å"rare† below in the same answer. Ice cream companies’ experiences long year’s industries, human resources of local and national knowledge such as culture, marketing, and human connections were under the competitive advantage. 2) Intangible resources For firms in Russian market, long ice cream brands were already enjoying reputation because some reputable brands were household name such as Lakomka. Under Capabilities 1) Valuable Despite that is devaluation in Russian Rubles, which is a great opportunity to enter ice cream market in Russia in lower cost. 2) Rare Tailor made Ingredients. Russia has a huge area, which may grow some specific type of plant that cannot find in other countries. Those local plant and fruit could turn into local ingredients to make a unique ice-cream that could be found in Russia only. 3) Inimitable In the Russian market, there were more than 240 ice cream products alone. For a market entrant, the barrier of entry is low because customers were not sticking to a particular ice cream brand and reject the others. Entrants needn’t imitate other brand and enter to the market. That was why regional ice cream market enjoyed growth. 4) Organized to be exploited by the firm Russian market used to have a weak organizational infrastructure, neither in vertical and horizontal integration during 2002. Nestlà © had formed a well infrastructure already but Nestlà © couldn’t take entire integration in Russia  market, there are still some room for companies can take on this opportunity to integrate horizontally and/or vertically at the moment, to grow on company’s economies of scale at this moment, rather than years later that all the market big boys fill up the ice cream industry, which increase barrier of entries. Question 3: Strategic Positioning Model – (refer to appendices on p.7) In appendices 1, Ice-Fili played board in Competitive Scope but played differentiation in Economic Logic. Despite Ice-Fili sold 6 Rubles and compete directly with some of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s medium price products, for a medium size company with limited tangible resources, Ice-FIli unable to be a Cost Leader to compete with high economies of scale like Nestlà © and local big companies. Ice-Fili had to prove its value. Porter 5 Forces – (refer to appendices on p.7) Threat of Substitutes Invest Eastern Europe and Germany Ice-Fili directors believed to take a ‘cash cow’ opportunity to produce dry ice and sell aboard. It was right as director aware substitute goods and lower switching cost of Buyers can threat ice-cream business. If dry ice aboard were Stars Market, of course it was worth to invest in; if dry ice was a Question Marks market, risk was much higher.; Furthermore, Ice-cream market and dry ice-market may not share the same technologies simply based on same freezing system, Ice-Fili needed to put more effort to control its business, plus taking care the tough ice-cream competition at the same time. Threat of entry Ice-Fili improved some sufficiency that raised the bar barriers of entry from below: 1) It was right to restructure 117 salary levels to one under Corporate Organization & Structure, more cost flexibility & got rid of high fixed cost rigid system. 2) Production Invested $8m on advanced machinery with 90% used for freezing and packaging! To tackle significant 5.7% packaging cost was reasonable. It may spend too much on improve lower cost Freezing system but spent less than 10 % on production, let â€Å"Older generation equipment† produced 25% production capacity was obviously  insufficient. Ice-Fili did not tackle high repair & maintenance cost. Buyers’ Power Ice-Fili planned their Product range with 170 different ice cream plus 20 new products every year. That let buyer to have more choice was creating far less sufficiency on cost control. Under poor financial position in 2002, simply should focus traditional intangible brand Lakomka and other most profitable ice-cream! Supplier Power 1) Ice-Fili kept 3-4 suppliers only. Kabuzenka stated Ice-Fili constantly received â€Å"new one† offers, but didn’t diversify more suppliers. High Suppliers Power remained. 2) Ice-FIli never hedged foreign currencies that can cost less to buy foreign products. Question 4. –(refer to appendices on p.8) Arenas- Red Ocean (substitute products), Blue Ocean (Dry-Ice Market & theme park) Invest Foreign Dry Ice Market- Ice-Fili must ensure they were investing Star Market rather than Question Marks market. If not a Star Market, Ice-Fili should not invest. Invest Ice Cream theme park- Ice-Fili located nearby Moscow. It is inexpensive to set, and easy to attract some visitors to visit theme park. i) Introduce company’s history ii) watch brief production process, iii) let visitors taste and evaluate developing future product. iv) Visit â€Å"cute† graveyard of Ice-Fili’s â€Å"buried products† to create fun. Invest substitute products- E.g. beer, chocolate, soda, etc., as markets were expanding, in short term, to buy these companies shares and generate cash a.s.a.p. In longer term, get enough resources to develop its own brand, or fully takeover an existing substitute company. Vehicles- Acquisition Backward integration- To save storage cost of ingredients, could pay suppliers slightly more by delivering on time for production. This enhanced inbound logistics under Generic Value Chain, Porter 5 Forces’ Supplier Power, and decrease Operation cost. Forward Integration- Set up own small distribution warehouses across geographical market locations, hire few employees in each location. It runs several tasks: a) Enhance Outbound Logistics by distribute products on time to all retail channels, replace 47% Retailers and Distribution costs. b) Use cheap operated SMS to communicate freely with local marketers, to gather 1st hand market demand and relevant information, to build up Services by developing relationships. Then e-mail this â€Å"fount line† information to headquarters on regular basis. Differentiation- Position medium price product and try to Re-register Lakomka 1) Register Lakomka- to become Ice-Fili’s unique product in the market. 2) Not bond with leading Russian producers for joint advertising- The bond favor more on Russian big players rather than medium Ice-Fili. Bond’s decision may constraint the future benefit of Ice-Fili. Eventually, Ice-Fili could be destroyed by the bond, not by Nestlà ©. It is not worth to save 0.44% cost by joining the bond. Staging- Based on priority of financial resources inflow and outflow of time sequence as follows: Invest substitute products 1st as market growing->register Lakomka->forward integration->backward integration->Dry Ice Market abroad->Ice Cre am theme park Economic Logic Gain cash from raising market (substitute goods); Save cash to run future business. Conclusion: 1st invest Horizon 2- certain growing substitute market; then enhance Horizon 1- register Lakomka and integration, finally invest Horizon 3-Dry Ice and theme park. APPENDICES Brief History PEST (question 1) Components of Internal Analysis (question 2) Strategic Positioning Model (question 3) Lower Cost Differentiation Board Target Competitive Scope Nestlà © -Cost Leadership Ice-Fili- Medium Price, Nestlà © Narrow Competitive Scope Cost Focus Differentiation- Niche

Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care Practice

Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care Practice Free Online Research Papers Depression has been described as the common cold of mental health problems (Hotopf, 1996) and 90 % of depression is managed in primary care (Mann, 1992). The National Service Framework (NSF, DoH, 1999) identifies cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a major component of primary mental health care services, as it has a strong effectiveness research tradition (Salkovskis, 2002). CBT is a short term, structured form of therapy that provides clients with a rationale for understanding their problems (Blackburn Davidson, 1990). CBT requires a sound therapeutic alliance; the therapist should demonstrate warmth, genuine regard and competence (Beck, 1995). It follows the premise that psychological problems arise as a direct consequence of faulty patterns of thinking and behaviour (Maphosa et al, 2000). In mild depression the person ruminates on negative themes and CBT examines the effects of people’s thoughts on how they feel and what they do (J. Williams, 1997). It is now com mon to draw out the central elements of CBT to offer a more condensed intervention (Teasdale, 1985). Self-help materials are usually given to clients as homework (Richards et al, 2003). Bower et al (2001) found that self-help techniques can have considerable impact on a broad range of mental health problems. Guided self-help should be considered for clients with mild depression. It is a collaborative form of psychotherapy; the client learns new skills of self-management that they can put into practice in their daily lives (DoH, 2003). The following analysis examines the role-play of a primary care graduate mental health worker (PCGMHW). These workers were part of a government plan to enhance mental health services in primary care (DoH, 2000). Throughout this analysis strengths and weaknesses of the therapist will be discussed and what improvements can be made to the demonstrated clinical skills. Introduction to the session The objective of assessment is to find out about the difficulties that are impacting upon a client’s life and to inform decisions of interventions to be offered, taking into consideration the client’s own perceptions of the nature and cause of the problems (Maphosa et al, 2000). The referral letter can lead preliminary decisions about the assessment; usually the information provided in the letter is quite restricted so an assessment is necessary to build on this (Maphosa et al, 2000). The initial meeting is a critical part of the session as this is when the therapeutic relationship begins (Newell, 1994). The therapist began the role-play by greeting the client and introducing herself and then ascertained by what name the client preferred to be known. She immediately gave an overview of the session, as small talk may prolong the client’s anxiety around divulging personal information to a stranger (Newell, 2000). She proceeded to explain her role though only briefly and did not explain comprehensively the nature of self-help and in what way she would act as a facilitator to these sessions; this is a crucial part of acquainting the client to the sessions, as the client may be unaware of why his referral was made and what is to be expected throughout the session. A therapist would want to remove uncertainty in this situation as it detracts the client’s attention away from the session ( Newell, 2000). Session length was clarified; this helps to reduce anxiety and to give the client the opportunity to prioritise the issues to be discussed (Newell, 2000). An agenda was touched on at the start, though the therapist ought to have outlined the procedures to be followed during the process and exactly why the information was needed and to what purpose it would be put. This helps motivate the client to cooperate and improves trust (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). Within primary care the number of sessions a client should expect is six, recent studies have illustrated that this had comparable outcomes to 12 sessions (Newman et al, 1997). However, this, and how often future sessions would be was not made clear to the client. In forthcoming sessions the therapist will incorporate this information, as Barkham et al. (1996) determined that improvements were more rapid when limits were placed on the number of sessions. An essential part of initiating the client to the session is establishing the rules around confidentiality. The client should feel that their privacy is respected but also understand that confidence needs to be broken if theirs or someone else’s safety is at risk (Davies, 1997). In this role-play the client was advised of issues in relation to confidentiality, he was made aware of when confidentiality may be broken and why notes were being taken and assured they would be kept locked away. Note taking should not interfere with the communication process (Munro et al, 1989). The therapist demonstrated good verbal interaction while note taking. Information Gathering and Questioning Style The body of the interview is aimed at attaining the objectives. In this role-play the therapist is interested in learning the causes of the client’s presenting depression and how it is affecting his daily routine. The interview is more than an information gathering process: it is the first stage of active management. This may be the first opportunity for a patient to tell his full story or to be taken seriously, and the experience should be cathartic in itself (Davies, 1997). Open questions are used at the beginning to get a general idea of the client’s difficulties at that time, these encourage clients to talk and to concentrate on the present situation and help establish a rapport (Davies, 1997). This was demonstrated when the therapist asked for the client’s view on how he sees life at the moment and if he thought the term depression â€Å"fits† with how he feels. Such questioning allows the client free rein to discuss issues of relevance to him. The therapist should proceed to specific open questions (Newell, 2000). These include the 4 Ws, the core essentials for a structured interview. These are questions used to identify ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘with whom’ and ‘when’ does the client notice his problems becoming worse or easier (Briddon et al, 2003). In this role-play they are not laid out in such an obvious, rote manner. For example, â€Å"do you have a good relationship with your manager?†, â€Å"how’s everything with your partner?† are used to identify if he is having any social or personal relationship difficulties. Questions relating to support networks give an understanding of how the patient organises his life and whether he has close confiding relationships. While knowledge of his occupation gives an insight into his life style, financial security and network of relationships. Lack of these has been found to be vulnerability factors for depre ssion (Brown Harris, 1978). In this situation the therapist asked about these issues to determine if anything else was impacting on the client’s depression. Throughout the role-play the therapist used the client’s answers to form the next question; this makes the session more interactive and not too formal. Clients with depression do not want to have to answer lists of questions but want an opportunity to talk comfortably, and the therapist needs a chance to listen carefully (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Sessions delivered within a cognitive behavioural framework aim to elicit the client’s difficulties in terms of the autonomic, behavioural and cognitive (ABC) aspects surrounding depression. At this stage the therapist incorporates closed questions. These are used to elicit specific information and form a checklist of symptoms often found in depression (Davies, 1997), such as poor appetite, sleep, concentration (France Robson, 1997). The effect these have on his work and home life and any other problems which may be contributing factors to the overall picture (France Robson, 1997). The triggers for depression vary, for some there will be a clear reason but for others the reasons are less clear (Briddon et al, 2003). During the role-play the therapist asks questions about â€Å"talk of redundancy at work†, this is done in a circuitous way, e.g., â€Å"so it’s problems at work, that feeling of stress, would that be right?†, rather than directly asking the client if he thinks this is the trigger. In future situations it would be preferable to do so as it would further integrate the client into the session. Garland et al (2002) highlight key questions to establish the presence of reduced and unhelpful activity. The therapist in this role-play asks, â€Å"is there anything†¦you’ve stopped doing?† â€Å"have you started doing anything†¦more than you would have before?† Asking such questions helps the client begin to identify his own vicious circle of depression (Garland et al, 2002). This process of starting with open questions, then asking specific open questions and then closed questions is described as ‘funnelling’ (Briddon et al, 2003). To get to the key thoughts that the client is having about his present situation the therapist introduces Socratic questioning, which is aimed at guided discovery (Padesky, 1993). The client mentions that he feels useless and a failure, the thera pist pursue this thought and asks, â€Å"if people did think you were a failure what would that mean for you?† In future sessions the therapist would examine these thoughts further with a view to helping the client challenge his negative thoughts, however, that was out of the scope of this role-play. At times the therapist was leading the client in his answers, e.g., â€Å"so it could be possible you’re feeding off everyone else’s fears?† rather than guiding him to his answers, she could be more mindful of the Socratic technique in further sessions. In this role-play the therapist asks about suicide and self-harm utilising a frank approach, while letting the client know that these thoughts are common. Dexter and Wash (1995) advocate considering all clients with depression as potentially suicidal. Such thoughts are common in people with mental health problems and can be frightening, sufferers are often relieved to find someone to share with and to learn that these thoughts are common (Davies, 1997). The therapist could have pursued this area further, although she asked the client if he felt he had a good support network, this does not necessarily mean that he had someone he felt he could confide in. Problem Formulation When the therapist was satisfied that the relevant areas had been covered she ‘recapped’ what she considered to be pertinent information. The aim of the interview is to pull together the idiosyncratic components of the problem, to identify problem triggers and the overall impact so that the therapist and client are able to consider the next steps (Maphosa et al, 2000). Giving the client a clear conceptualisation of their problem has been associated with beneficial clinical outcome (Power Brewin, 1997). At this point the therapist asked â€Å"do you think that’s everything, is there anything else that’s causing you stress?† and â€Å"do you think that fits with how you feel at the moment?† This allows the client to reflect on the information he has given the therapist and confirm whether the therapist has accurately captured it. Once formulated the effects of the client’s problems should be illustrated to the client using a simple experiment (France Robson, 1997). In this role-play the therapist introduced the client to the ABC model using a diagram (see appendix 1). The ABC model presents a visual representation of the meaning of emotion for both therapist and client and imparts a depiction of the client’s individual experience of emotion. It illustrates the ‘vicious circle’ of depression (Briddon et al, 2003). In the role-play the therapist explained to the client in what ways the different aspects impact on each other. This association crucially enhances the client’s self-esteem and removes a sense of exclusion (France Robson, 1997). The rationale of how depression comes about and how it can be treated can bring a feeling of control and hope (Blackburn Davidson, 1990). Explanations of psychological symptoms and problems likely to be useful to clients include explanation of feedback mechanisms between thoughts, emotions and behaviour (Cape et al, 2000). In the role-play the therapist also looks at the effects the environment has on the model, as something in the environment is quite often the trigger for depression. Decision Making Once the links between A, B and C had been established the therapist introduced possible service options as a way to break the cycle of depression. However, these were only briefly introduced, e.g., â€Å"a good place to start would be your behaviour†¦maybe phone a friend.† In future sessions the therapist will explain why behaviour is a good place to start, as a rationale for interventions enhances greater client involvement and understanding of their difficulties (Newell, 2000). One of the main reasons that therapists’ instructions are not followed is due to inadequate communication skills (Sanson-Fisher Maguire, 1980). Sleep hygiene, looking at negative thought patterns and problem solving were also offered as interventions. These are technical terms that could have been clarified further. Clear problems evolve from this; if the client cannot understand what is being explained to him important information may be missed (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). It also ex cludes the client from the collaborative process of his own therapy. Furthermore, the client may feel his situation is not being taken seriously (Cassell, 1982). The therapist can further confuse the client by jumping from one topic to the next and failing to summarise or to ask the client to do so (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). Anti-depressant medication had been discussed earlier in the session, further consideration was not given to this as an intervention as the client had decided not to pursue that option and NICE guidelines (2004) do not recommend anti-depressant medication for mild depression. While outlining the service options in future sessions, the therapist will give the client more time to consider each one as thinking processes are slowed and negatively biased in depression (Garland et al, 2002); and give the client an opportunity to feedback on each option. In the role-play the client was given a copy of the ABC-E model and the different service options available, this augments what has been discussed in the session, as it is unlikely that the client will have retained in detail what had been discussed (Garland et al, 2002). At the end of the session the therapist gave the client self-help booklets on sleep problems and information on depression, it was not within the scope of the role-play to discuss these booklets in detail, however, information in this format helps the client focus on issues discussed in session and areas of his life that he would like to prioritise. Use of self-help materials is helpful in enhancing suggestions for change (Kupshik Fisher, 1999). Interpersonal Skills Rogers (1967) posited that the fundamental therapist manner of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard are both necessary and sufficient for implementing therapeutic change in clients. Empathy signifies to the client that the therapist has understood the feeling the client is experiencing. Balint (1969) described patient-centred medicine as â€Å"understanding the patient as a unique human being†. Concepts such as ‘user involvement’ and ‘patient empowerment’ became active in health policy during the late 1980s and 1990s (e.g., NHS Executive, 1996). Patients are considered to be active ‘consumers’ who have the right to a certain standard of treatment with access to information and should be actively involved in their treatment (Mead Bower, 2000). In patient-centred care developing a therapeutic alliance is a prerequisite instead of an ’extra’ and enhances the sense of partnership and increases client perce ption of the relevance or potency of an intervention (Mead Bower, 2000). Throughout the role-play the therapist makes reference to therapist and client collaboration when identifying the different service options available, she continually emphasised that the options would be something worked on together. Engaging in a positive therapeutic relationship allows the client to feel free to discuss emotional problems; an association of positive therapeutic relationship with clinical outcome is one of the most robust findings in psychological treatment research (Horvath Luborsky, 1993). Interpersonal skills are a crucial way of building on the therapeutic relationship. Therapist factors are active listening, empathy and a genuine concern for the client (Horvath Luborsky, 1993). There are a number of ways of doing this. Reinforcement throughout the session is a beneficial way of ensuring relevant information. The therapist used such remarks as ‘yes’, and minimal prompts, e.g., head nods; this lets the client know that a particular piece of information is important (Burnard, 1999) and that the therapist is listening (Krasner, 1958). Reflection is a useful way of prompting the client for more information. The therapist used this process of repeating back the last few words or phrase that the client had used. Such remarks should be highlighted straight away and not kept for later on in the session as they may have lost their relevance (Burnard, 1999). The therapist maintained good eye contact throughout the session. Eye contact has a role in regul ating and controlling the course of communication and is an important signal for turn taking in conversation. It is also a further way of indicating that the therapist is listening (D. Williams, 1997). Structure to interviewing style is intended as a guideline, it can be confusing for a client if they cannot continue on a certain topic but are asked about a number of topics (Dillon, 1990). During this role-play the therapist got side tracked on occasions, e.g., she asked about his work situation and sleep at different points in the session instead of following through at the time these problems were mentioned. Throughout the interview process the therapist should ask for feedback from the client; it shows respect for the client in addition to making sure the therapist has all the relevant information, client understanding and reinforces the therapeutic relationship (Newell, 2000). Interviewing clients involves asking about feelings, thoughts, beliefs and behaviour, and relating the responses to the difficulties (Maphosa et al, 2000). These are quite complex issues and the therapist should ensure she has an idea of timings for each section so that some points aren’t discu ssed in a rushed manner, in this role-play the client didn’t leave enough time to discuss the service options, this is something to consider for subsequent sessions. It is also important to highlight to the client that the way he is feeling is quite common, to remove feelings of isolation. The therapist utilised this approach throughout the session. Information gathering should represent sufficiency and necessity. There should be sufficient information to glean necessary information from the client to ensure relevant client details are collected in terms of maintenance of their difficulties if interventions are to be successful (Newell, 2000). In the role-play the therapist was able to elicit key factors surrounding the client’s depression, such as stress at work. However, she lost sight of the structure at times, and although structure is used as a general guide, problems could arise if key ideas aren’t followed through, leading to inaccurate information and, therefore, inaccurate interventions. Awareness of using leading questions will also be something to take on board in the future, no one knows the client’s problems better than the client and the therapist doesn’t want to speak for the client, as this would not be beneficial for either the client or therapist. The importance of not using tec hnical language can’t be emphasised enough, this can seriously hamper the therapeutic relationship and the client may disengage from the process. The relationship between the autonomic, behavioural and cognitive aspects of depression was illustrated well. It is essential that clients understand the maintaining factors of depression or they will not appreciate how the vicious circle of depression can be broken. In future sessions the therapist could go into more detail of how depression is maintained as it is very common for client’s to misinterpret situations in ways that undermine their coping, as summarised by Epictetus, â€Å"Men are disturbed not by things, but the views they take of them† (Enright, 1997)}. 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Please, Please Do Your Homework Before Pitching

Please, Please Do Your Homework Before Pitching Frequently I receive emails from prospective writers asking what I seek for FundsforWriters. Some go as far as to ask what I pay, how I pay, and how quickly I pay without so much as a hint to what they propose to write. While I know cultures change from country to country, even state to state, the fact is its rather presumptuous to ask how youre going to get paid before you demonstrate youre a writer. If you wish to pitch a magazine, website, newsletter, anthology or prospective client, please do the following first: 1) Read up all you can on the entity before you make a connection. If its a magazine, study the ads, the old articles, and the masthead to see how many articles are usually written in-staff versus freelance. And if they have guidelines, 2) Have a website or blog that demonstrates who you are and what you are capable of doing. 3) Know what youd like to pitch to the publication after understanding what they need. When you pitch, do NOT say the following: 1) You are a new writer seeking to break in. 2) You want to know how and when youll get paid. 3) You want the editor to tell you what to write. 4) You cannot find the guidelines. 5) You are retired, a student, a stay-at-home mom, disabled, a PhD candidate, etc. unless that has everything to do with what you are pitching. Its all about the article and your experience in writing THAT article, not your lifes history or ID. When you pitch, the editor absolutely wants the following: 1) A memo to them personally, not the team, or the editor, or to whom it may concern. 2) A pitch for a story that matches the publication perfectly. 3) Enough